WHAT CAUSES FINE LINES & WRINKLES?

​

There are two layers of the skin, the epidermis and the dermis. While the epidermis give human the protection from external insults, the dermis layers are accountable for the firmness and strength from the collagen and elastin fibers produced by cells called the fibroblasts. The dermis is also water reservoir of the skin to maintain homeostasis for our body while the epidermis is semi permeable if not nearly waterproof as our protective barrier 

​

Wrinkles and creases develop on the face as a result of genetic ageing, loss of collagen and elastin, sun damages, hormonal changes and habitual facial expressions (Bernstein et al., 2021). Let's take a closer look these numerous factors below:

​

• UV exposure. This is the most common cause of premature skin wrinkling, skin cancers and skin pigmentation by thinning the epidermis and cause the collagen degradation. Daily sunscreen application is vital in the prevention of premature ageing.

• Expression lines. Wrinkles caused by contraction of the muscles of facial expression. Initially, these wrinkles can only be seen when the muscles contract e.g. when smiling or frowning. However, as the skin becomes progressively creased, the lines may often appear at rest. 

• Sleep lines.  Caused by the compression of the skin from contact of the pillow to the face when sleeping. Lines location is determined by the underlying anatomical attachments of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS). These lines include those on the forehead, around the eyes, cheeks and upper lip. 

• Gravity. The inescapable pull of gravity draws the skin downwards on the face, leads to drooping of the cheeks and the formation of nasolabial lines, jowls, eyes and formation of upper and lower lid laxity and wrinkles. 

• Chronic stress

• Lifestyle choices

• Genetics 

• Hormonal fluctuation 

​

​

HOW TO TREAT FINE LINES & WRINKLES?

​

Firstly, wrinkles can be prevented by applying sunscreen daily. By protecting against UV radiation, it is possible to reduce further damage to the skin (Guan & Mohammad, 2021). Wrinkles that are etched into the skin and skin textural irregularities can be treated with skin resurfacing. This can be done with non-invasive skin resurfacing treatments such as chemical peels, micro needling (Cook et al., 2020). 

​

Expression lines (dynamic / static lines), and superficial volume loss (or to plump up your lips) are generally treated with anti-wrinkle injections and dermal filler performed by specialised registered nurse (RN). For more major reconstruction, your choice will be plastic surgery by plastic surgeons or board certified cosmetic dermatologists. Even with cosmetic injectables, ideally you'll need to incorporate dermal treatments to prolong the injectable effects (Amici et al., 2022).

​

At Skinderm Aesthetics, we are offering non-surgical wrinkles treatments such as:

• ​Skin Needling / Collagen Induction Therapy

• Bright & Clear

• Brilliance

• Pro Skin Sensational

​

Cosmeceutical products as your skincare routine at home is also vital to support any treatments. Active ingredients such as retinoids (vitamin A), niacinamide (vitamin B3), panthenol (vitamin B5), hyaluronic acid, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and other active ingredients such as antioxidants (Pappacio et al., 2022).

​

REFERENCES

​

Amici, J., Cogrel, O., Jourdan, M., Raimbault, C., Canchy, L., Kerob, D., . . . Araviiskaia, E. (2022). Expert recommendations on supportive skin care for non-surgical and surgical procedures. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology, 37, 16-33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.18855

​

Bernstein, E. F., Weiss, A. S., Bates, D., Humphrey, S., Silberberg, M., & Daniels, R. (2021). Clinical Relevance of Elastin in the Structure and Function of Skin. Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum, 3(3), ojab019. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/asjof/ojab019

​

Boo, Y. C. (2021). Mechanistic Basis and Clinical Evidence for the Applications of Nicotinamide (Niacinamide) to Control Skin Aging and Pigmentation. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 10(8), 1315. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081315

 

Boyajian, J. L., Ghebretatios, M., Schaly, S., Islam, P., & Prakash, S. (2021). Microbiome and Human Aging: Probiotic and Prebiotic Potentials in Longevity, Skin Health and Cellular Senescence. Nutrients, 13(12), 4550. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124550

​

Cook, J., Waughtel, J., Lennox, K. P., & Pozner, J. (2020). Fractional radiofrequency microneedling for skin rejuvenation. Dermatological Reviews, 1(1), 16-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/der2.10

​

Guan, L. L., Lim, H. W., & Mohammad, T. F. (2021). Sunscreens and Photoaging: A Review of Current Literature. American journal of clinical dermatology, 22(6), 819-828. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-021-00632-5

​

Jesus, A., Mota, S., Torres, A., Cruz, M. T., Sousa, E., Almeida, I. F., & Cidade, H. (2023). Antioxidants in Sunscreens: Which and What For?. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 12(1), 138. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010138

​

Lee, H., Hong, Y., & Kim, H. (2021). Structural and Functional Changes and Possible Molecular Mechanisms in Aged Skin. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(22), 12489. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212489

​

Mathew-Steiner, S. S., Roy, S., & Sen, C. K. (2021). Collagen in Wound Healing. Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland), 8(5), 63. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8050063

​

Pandey, A., Jatana, G. K., & Sonthalia, S. (2023). Cosmeceuticals. StatPearls Publishing [Internet]. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544223/

​

Papaccio, F., D Arino, A., Caputo, S., & Bellei, B. (2022). Focus on the Contribution of Oxidative Stress in Skin Aging. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 11(6), 1121. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061121

​

Shin, J. W., Kwon, S. H., Choi, J. Y., Na, J. I., Huh, C. H., Choi, H. R., & Park, K. C. (2019). Molecular Mechanisms of Dermal Aging and Antiaging Approaches. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(9), 2126. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092126

​

Sitohang, I. S., Makes, W. I., Sandora, N., & Suryanegara, J. (2022). Topical tretinoin for treating photoaging: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. International journal of women's dermatology, 8(1), e003. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/JW9.0000000000000003

​

Szymanski, L., Skopek, R., Palusinska, M., Schenk, T., Stengel, S., Lewicki, S., . . . Zelent, A. (2020). Retinoic Acid and Its Derivatives in Skin. Cells, 9(12), 2660. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9122660

​

Twarda-Clapa, A., Olczak, A., Bialkowska, A. M., & Koziolkiewicz, M. (2022). Advanced-Glycation End-Products (AGEs): Formation, Chemistry, Classification, Receptors, and Diseases Related to AGEs. Cells, 11(8), 1312. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11081312

​

Wang, Z., Man , M., Li, T., Elias, P., & Mauro, T. (2020). Aging-associated alterations in epidermal function and their clinical significance. Aging, 12(6), 5551–5565. doi:https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102946

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​